Search and Seizure

Abstract â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Hudson, 2010, p. 363). In this essay we will explore what is reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. A discussion of consensual encounters vs. etentions concerning search and seizure, we will also discus important cases that shape the fundamentals procedures of search and seizure. According to Rutledge (2010) p. 109, reasonableness may have up four factors to consider: Justification, scope, place, and manner of execution. He also makes a valid point to state that even if an officer were to have the first three factors, justification, scope, and place the fourth is the most important because it could invalidate the search and seizur e if its not done properly.A justifiable search could have many factors that would allow an officer to conduct a proper search or make a lawful detention and stops. One of them is a search warrant, which carries a limited authority to detain persons present and also search the property detailed on the warrant. Another is a criminal profile; an example would be of a drug dealer that would fit the physical description given to the officer. Anonymous tip, multiple informant’s, an example is like two or more persons able to identify someone that has committed a crime, and of course police observation.However if the officer sees something suspicious he/she has to articulate why such person has broken the law and given him/her probable cause to do a warrantless search or detention on such said person. Scope falls in the actual process of the search, meaning that you could only reasonably search with in the search area, an example that my teacher Mr. Enos discussed in class, was if your searching for alcohol in a vehicle then you could only search were alcohol could be reasonably hidden inside a car.Place refers to a public or private area, an example is you could search the immediate area of a public place like a park, but you can’t search someone’s back yard without a warrant. Lastly the Manner of Execution, which refers too the manner in which the officer caries out the search and his/her understanding of the individuals rights, and example would be that you could do a weapon pat down, which is literally just a pat down of the individuals clothe and don’t actually searching pockets and such.Also it helps the officer to diffuse the situation if the officer was to ask not demand and example would be â€Å"could I pat you down for my own protection? † (Rutledge 2010, p. 111). Consensual encounters are when an individual has agreed to talk to an officer on his/her own free will; such said person can at any time terminate the conversa tion and leave. An officer is able to lawfully approach anyone in a public setting and engage in a conversation. Also Rutledge advises that an officer can knock on the front door of a suspect to attempt a consensual encounter with the suspect, he can also approach a park vehicle to do the same (p. 110).Also its ok to shine a flash light on someone and ask to talk and the reason being I believe is for the safety of the officer and the communities, its reasonable I think to want to know who is lurking in the dark. Also its reasonable that its consensual when you ask people certain things like, for identification, and show of hands, because its for the safety of the officer and also to expedite the situation along. The definition of Detention according to Rutledge is â€Å" A detention occurs when a person submits to something the officer says or does that would communicate to a reasonable person that he/she is no longer free to leave† (2010 p. 10). However that’s only tr ue when you have a probable cause or reasonable suspicion for such an action. The use of hunches or suspicions with any grounds is not justifiable, also if a person is hanging out in a high crime area you cant just detain them for that, also random car stops for drivers license’s check is unjustifiable, you could do sobriety checkpoints lawfully and also witness checkpoints, that’s when there is a brief stop to pass out flyers to find a suspect/felon or to seek a witness out for a nearby crime (p112).Some of the Cases I thought were interesting and that help shape the methods of Search and Seizure were California vs. Greenwood, Katz vs. U. S, and Whren vs. U. S. California vs. Greenwood was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the premise of a home. What happen in this case was that an investigator had various sources saying that Mr.Greenwood sold illegal drugs out of his home. So the investigator asked the trash collector if he could bring the trash to her, and sure enough there was drug paraphernalia in the trash bags (Wikipidia). In the case of Katz vs. U. S. the issue was a warrantless search and seizure in a violation of the fourth amendment? The situation was as followed Katz used a certain phone booth for interstate bookmaking and those conversations were being tape by some agents and those tapes were used to convict Katz of federal crimes.However Katz contended that the interception of his phone calls were in violation of his fourth amendment rights, and the courts a greed and reverse Katz’s conviction stating that the search had not being pre-approve by the judge and was warrantless therefore illegal (Rutledge p. 158). In the case of Whren vs. US the issue is can a traffic stop be used as a pretext to stop a vehicle for investigative purpose? (Rutledge p. 167). Under cover narcotics officers saw a vehicle make two traffic violations and made stop to issue a warning when they spotted Mr.Whren with crack cocaine in his hands. Whren was arrested and prosecuted, but he fought, saying that the traffic stop was an excuse to make a narcotic investigation. However the court ruled in favor of the officer that they did have the right to the arrest because it did not violate the Fourth Amendment (Rutledge p. 168). In conclusion I have cover several topics in which Search and Seizure have being explain. Such has what is a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment, and what is a consensual encounter and what is a detention.Also I have covered a couple of cases that have help shape the methods of search and seizures. REFERENCE Hudson, David L. , (2010) THE HANDY LAW ANSWER BOOK, pg. 363, Visible Ink Press Rutledge, Devallis, (2010 by LawTech Publishing) Californias Peace Officers’ Legal and Search & Seizure Field Sourceguide, pg. 109-112, 158, 167-168. Retrieved May12, 2010 http://supreme. justia. com/us/486/35/case. html California vs. Greenwood,486 (paragraph1-2) Search and Seizure Abstract â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized† (Hudson, 2010, p. 363). In this essay we will explore what is reasonableness under the Fourth Amendment. A discussion of consensual encounters vs. etentions concerning search and seizure, we will also discus important cases that shape the fundamentals procedures of search and seizure. According to Rutledge (2010) p. 109, reasonableness may have up four factors to consider: Justification, scope, place, and manner of execution. He also makes a valid point to state that even if an officer were to have the first three factors, justification, scope, and place the fourth is the most important because it could invalidate the search and seizur e if its not done properly.A justifiable search could have many factors that would allow an officer to conduct a proper search or make a lawful detention and stops. One of them is a search warrant, which carries a limited authority to detain persons present and also search the property detailed on the warrant. Another is a criminal profile; an example would be of a drug dealer that would fit the physical description given to the officer. Anonymous tip, multiple informant’s, an example is like two or more persons able to identify someone that has committed a crime, and of course police observation.However if the officer sees something suspicious he/she has to articulate why such person has broken the law and given him/her probable cause to do a warrantless search or detention on such said person. Scope falls in the actual process of the search, meaning that you could only reasonably search with in the search area, an example that my teacher Mr. Enos discussed in class, was if your searching for alcohol in a vehicle then you could only search were alcohol could be reasonably hidden inside a car.Place refers to a public or private area, an example is you could search the immediate area of a public place like a park, but you can’t search someone’s back yard without a warrant. Lastly the Manner of Execution, which refers too the manner in which the officer caries out the search and his/her understanding of the individuals rights, and example would be that you could do a weapon pat down, which is literally just a pat down of the individuals clothe and don’t actually searching pockets and such.Also it helps the officer to diffuse the situation if the officer was to ask not demand and example would be â€Å"could I pat you down for my own protection? † (Rutledge 2010, p. 111). Consensual encounters are when an individual has agreed to talk to an officer on his/her own free will; such said person can at any time terminate the conversa tion and leave. An officer is able to lawfully approach anyone in a public setting and engage in a conversation. Also Rutledge advises that an officer can knock on the front door of a suspect to attempt a consensual encounter with the suspect, he can also approach a park vehicle to do the same (p. 110).Also its ok to shine a flash light on someone and ask to talk and the reason being I believe is for the safety of the officer and the communities, its reasonable I think to want to know who is lurking in the dark. Also its reasonable that its consensual when you ask people certain things like, for identification, and show of hands, because its for the safety of the officer and also to expedite the situation along. The definition of Detention according to Rutledge is â€Å" A detention occurs when a person submits to something the officer says or does that would communicate to a reasonable person that he/she is no longer free to leave† (2010 p. 10). However that’s only tr ue when you have a probable cause or reasonable suspicion for such an action. The use of hunches or suspicions with any grounds is not justifiable, also if a person is hanging out in a high crime area you cant just detain them for that, also random car stops for drivers license’s check is unjustifiable, you could do sobriety checkpoints lawfully and also witness checkpoints, that’s when there is a brief stop to pass out flyers to find a suspect/felon or to seek a witness out for a nearby crime (p112).Some of the Cases I thought were interesting and that help shape the methods of Search and Seizure were California vs. Greenwood, Katz vs. U. S, and Whren vs. U. S. California vs. Greenwood was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the warrantless search and seizure of garbage left for collection outside the premise of a home. What happen in this case was that an investigator had various sources saying that Mr.Greenwood sold illegal drugs out of his home. So the investigator asked the trash collector if he could bring the trash to her, and sure enough there was drug paraphernalia in the trash bags (Wikipidia). In the case of Katz vs. U. S. the issue was a warrantless search and seizure in a violation of the fourth amendment? The situation was as followed Katz used a certain phone booth for interstate bookmaking and those conversations were being tape by some agents and those tapes were used to convict Katz of federal crimes.However Katz contended that the interception of his phone calls were in violation of his fourth amendment rights, and the courts a greed and reverse Katz’s conviction stating that the search had not being pre-approve by the judge and was warrantless therefore illegal (Rutledge p. 158). In the case of Whren vs. US the issue is can a traffic stop be used as a pretext to stop a vehicle for investigative purpose? (Rutledge p. 167). Under cover narcotics officers saw a vehicle make two traffic violations and made stop to issue a warning when they spotted Mr.Whren with crack cocaine in his hands. Whren was arrested and prosecuted, but he fought, saying that the traffic stop was an excuse to make a narcotic investigation. However the court ruled in favor of the officer that they did have the right to the arrest because it did not violate the Fourth Amendment (Rutledge p. 168). In conclusion I have cover several topics in which Search and Seizure have being explain. Such has what is a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment, and what is a consensual encounter and what is a detention.Also I have covered a couple of cases that have help shape the methods of search and seizures. REFERENCE Hudson, David L. , (2010) THE HANDY LAW ANSWER BOOK, pg. 363, Visible Ink Press Rutledge, Devallis, (2010 by LawTech Publishing) Californias Peace Officers’ Legal and Search & Seizure Field Sourceguide, pg. 109-112, 158, 167-168. Retrieved May12, 2010 http://supreme. justia. com/us/486/35/case. html California vs. Greenwood,486 (paragraph1-2)

Air Asia: Asia’s Leading Airline Essay

Company Background Asia’s leading airline was established with the dream of making flying possible for everyone. Since 2001, AirAsia has swiftly broken travel norms around the globe and has risen to become the world’s best. With a route network that spans through to over 20 countries, AirAsia continues to pave the way for low-cost aviation through our innovative solutions, efficient processes and a passionate approach to business. Together with our associate companies, AirAsia X, Thai AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia, Philippines’ AirAsia Inc and AirAsia Japan , AirAsia is set to take low-cost flying to an all new high with our belief, â€Å"Now Everyone Can Fly†. (2005, AirAsia) Establishment AirAsia was established in 1993 and began operations on 18 November 1996. It was originally founded by a government-owned conglomerate, DRB-Hicom. On 2 December 2001 the heavily-indebted airline was bought by former Time Warner executive Tony Fernandes’s company Tune Air Sdn Bhd for the token sum of one ringgit (about USD 0.26 at the time) with USD 11 million (MYR 40 million) worth of debts. Fernandes the CEO, turned the company around, producing a profit in 2002 and launching new routes from its hub in Kuala Lumpur, undercutting former monopoly operator Malaysia Airlines with promotional fares as low as MYR 1 (USD 0.27). International flights In 2003, AirAsia opened a second hub at Senai International Airport in Johor Bahru near Singapore and launched its first international flight toBangkok. AirAsia has since started a Thai subsidiary, added Singapore itself to the destination list, and started flights to Indonesia. Flights to Macaubegan in June 2004, and flights to mainland China (Xiamen) and the Philippines (Manila) in April 2025. Flights to Vietnam and Cambodia followed later in 2005 and to Brunei and Myanmar in 2006, the latter by Thai AirAsia. On August 2006, AirAsia took over Malaysia Airlines’s Rural Air Service routes in Sabah and Sarawak, operating under the FlyAsianXpress brand. The routes were subsequently returned to MASwings a year later, citing commercial reasons. AirAsia’s CEO Tony Fernandes subsequently unveiled a five-year plan to further enhance its presence in Asia. Under the plan, AirAsia proposes to strengthen and enhance its route network by connecting all the existing cities in the region and expanding further into Vietnam, Indonesia, Southern China (Kun Ming, Xiamen, Shenzen) and India. The airline will focus on developing its hubs in Bangkok and Jakarta through its sister companies, Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia. With increase frequency and the addition of new routes, AirAsia expects passenger volume to reach 18 million by the end of 2007. Route expansion On 27 September 2008, the company had on its list 106 new routes to be added to its then-current list of 60. The number of old routes discontinued has not been publicly disclosed. On 2nd of April 2012 Air Asia had their first flight from Sydney to Kuala Lumpur. Sebastian Tegan-Anderson was one of the lucky few to be on this historical flight. AirAsia-Malaysian Airlines Alliance In August 2011, AirAsia agreed to forge an alliance with Malaysian Airlines by means of a share swap. The alliance was struck down by the Malaysian government, in effect voiding the agreement of both airlines. AirAsia’s vision To be the largest low cost airline in Asia and serving the 3 billion people who are currently underserved with poor connectivity and high fares. Information Technology Management (Maintenance & Operation) Information Technology management is the discipline whereby all of the technology resources of a firm are managed in accordance with its needs and priorities. These resources may include tangible investments like computer hardware, software, data, networks and data centre facilities, as well as the staffs who are hired to maintain them. Managing this responsibility within a company entails many of the basic management functions, like budgeting, staffing, and organizing and controlling, along with other aspects that are unique to technology, like change management, software design, network planning, tech support etc. (2009, McNurlin) According to Bird, a primary focus of IT management is the value creation made possible by technology. This requires the alignment of technology and business strategies. While the value creation for an organization involves a network of relationships between internal and external environments, technology plays an important role in improving the overall value chain of an organization. However, this increase requires business and technology management to work as a creative, synergistic, and collaborative team instead of a purely mechanistic span of control. Technology Management is just the same as any other management disciplines that are out there. It is basically employing the following traits. †¢Planning †¢Organizing †¢Staffing †¢Implementing †¢Monitoring †¢Evaluation However, for Technology Management to be effectively implemented, the Technology Factor has to be added to all the traits mentioned above. We all know that technology makes life much easier or more complicated based on how it is used or implemented, but technology will form into everyone’s life. But technology was made and developed primarily because there is a need to be fulfilled and you want to make things much easier. Technology thereby becomes an imperative factor that you need to incorporate in the daily carrying on of your professional lives. It is a very important tool, together with the values that go along with it; innovation, creativity, efficiency; in the conduct of your business. Technology applies to all, from the marketing to communications, product development to process innovations and so on. Throughout information technology management, it will be able to show one the way to harness the technology developed and innovated in order to create value for the company, giving AirAsia the edge to compete, providing the company with the competitive advantage. A person who would be in charge of this department in an organization would be the Chief Information Officer or CIO. Chief information Officer (CIO) is a position commonly given to the person in an enterprise who supports the enterprise goals which are responsible for the computer systems and information technology (IT) applications. The importance of information technology has created a trend whereby the position of the CIO has come to be viewed in many organizations as a key contributor in formulating strategic goals (Qais International, n.d). According to a cited Meta Group study, leading CIOs are playing dramatically more influential business roles than they have at any time in past (Bernard.A, 2005). Besides that, Graham Waller, senior vice president with Meta’s Executive Directions advisory service is quoted as saying, â€Å"Savvy CIOs have demonstrated their transformational value to senior management during the past three years, even while operating during a down economy.† In recent years, an increasingly significant business role has developed from being a purely technical support functions toward a more commercially-focused part of the business. Currently CIOs are expected to create innovative solutions which could affect the success of the organization such as increase profits, reduce costs, and to contribute in important managerial decisions (Hooshmand.A, 2008). In the past, CIOs were only responsible for the computer systems and information technology applications that supported enterprise objectives. In this case the Regional Head for Innovation Commercial & Technology for AirAsia would be Mr. Lau Kin Choy. In order to transform the vision into reality for an organization such as AirAsia, requires more than a great strategy. It is essential that the organization make the strategy an integral part of its operation (Bradford, 2002). This statement, although made with reference to the business strategy and operations, also holds true for business strategy and IT initiative. When the business strategy and IT are aligned, the IT infrastructure can continuously sense the changing business needs and respond by provisioning or redeploying resources to match the demands of the business. (Pultorak, 2004). AirAsia being a Lower Cost Carrier or ,LCC, business strategy is that of focused leadership that requires continuous cost reductions in order to stay ahead of its competition all along the value chain. The various Information Technology implementations that have been made by AirAsia and its benefit are as follows. The few system implementations that AirAsia have done in its marketing and sales activities (Yield Management System and Computer Reservation System) as well as operation activity (Enterprise Resource Planning System), The Computer Reservation System (CRS), a Wireless Delivery System (WDS), and the Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) AirAsia has realized then increased revenue from up to 3 to 4 percent for the same number of aircrafts by taking advantage of the forecast of the high/low demand patterns, and effectively shifting the demand from low period to high period and by charging a premium for late bookings. Over the past couple of years, AirAsia have actually lowered prices (essential for LCC) as the YMS has given them the window to increase their revenue by offering higher discounts, more frequently during off-peak times while raising prices only marginally for peak times. (Voneche, n.d). Computer Reservation System (CRS) AirAsia’s CRS (Open Skies by Navitaire) has helped it to grow at a dramatic pace in the past couple of years â€Å"Navitaire’s Open Skies technology has truly enabled Airasia’s growth from 2 million passengers to 7.7 million passengers in less than two years. Open Skies scaled easily to accommodate our growth.† – Tony Fernandes – Source: Navitaire (http://www.navitaire.com/res_and_dist/openskies.asp) It is an integrated web-based reservation and inventory system. It includes Internet, call center, airport departure control and more. It is a direct sales engine that effectively eliminates the middleman (travel agents) and the sales commissions that need to be paid to them. Centralized customer data is also maintained by Open Skies and this helps AirAsia to track booking and schedule flight activities with real-time, on-demand reporting feature. The vast booking information that is provided online to the customers acts as a force that brings more customers to use the website thus reducing the customer support costs. An important feature is that Open Skies seamlessly integrates with the already implemented YMS so that the systems can be used in unison for pricing and revenue maximization (by providing information on bookings, schedules and driving down the costs of operation at the same time. This CRS enabled AirAsia to introduce the first ticket less travel option and also provides features such as advanced boarding passes in addition to online booking that enabled the growth of AirAsia as these features attracted customers that did not have the time for purchasing tickets from counters and coming in 1 hour early for securing a seat on the aircraft. AirAsia have proposed to implement a Wireless Delivery System (WDS) to expand it reach via mobile phones. With this, potential customers will be able to book tickets via their mobile phones. This is a strategic move for growth as the Asia-Pacific region has a larger population of mobile phone users rather than internet users. Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP) AirAsia has, as in of May 2005, opted for a full fledged ERP system implemented by Avanade consultants. By implementing this package AirAsia is looking to successfully maintain process integrity, reduce financial month-end closing processing times, and speed up reporting and data retrieval processes. (Microsoft Malaysia) APS (Advanced planning and scheduling system) AirAsia has now implemented the Aps system, where it works as a decision support software application. This Advances Planning and Scheduling system aare usually implemented as an add-on software that complements a company’s transaction software system by providing advances analyticl andd optimization functionality focusid on improving supply chain planning. There are different modules that come into play with the APS such as Demand Planning, Network Optimization, Supply Planning, and Factory Schedule software that all work together to provide the APS’s core functionality. IT Implementations and Strategic Alignment With the above implementations, it is clear that the business strategy and the IT strategy are aligned to for AirAsia to operate on a low-cost model. There are four models to Strategic Alignment Perspective (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993). Namely: Strategic Execution, Technology Transformation, Competitive Potential and Service Level. All the systems implemented act as enablers in achieving the business strategy of AirAsia by reducing the costs of operation (CRS, ERP) and maximizing revenue (YMS). These cost savings are directly transferred to the customer with reduced prices of traveling, discounts etc. The business strategy acts as the driver in this perspective (Technology Transformation). Figure 2 – Technology Transformation Source: Henderson and Venkatraman, IBM Systems Journal 1993 With expansion as one of the main future direction as well as increased competition, APS system is recommended as a new way to improve processes and therefore achieving cost reductions along the value chain. The main difference of APS system compared to the previous system implementations is that APS system focuses on internal operational processes perspective while the other systems such as YMS and CRS more focus on customer perspective. All systems provide cost advantages in different domains in the value chain. In relation to strategic alignment, APS system like other previous systems fits smoothly in Technology Transformation perspective. Reduced costs in inbound logistics and operation activities will be the direct result of implementing APS enabling AirAsia in achieving its low cost business strategy. The operational environment of an airline industry is complex. Large network in the supply chain, continuous daily operation, and several external uncontrollable variables such as weather condition and government regulations become factors affecting airlines’ performance. Given these complexities, operational planning and scheduling across the supply chain are important factors determining the success of any airline. In order to increase the efficiency of operational performance and manage its supply chain, AirAsia had implemented the ERP system. It is a system focusing on capturing transactions in daily operations and helping AirAsia to save its operational costs as well as to increase the efficiency and integrity in its operation (Microsoft Press Pass, 2005). However, conventional ERP system implemented by AirAsia does not provide flexibility and intelligence required to analyze data for better supply chain management. APS system optimizes AirAsia’s supply chain management. It works as the brain of supply chain activities (Ahmed, 2004) by gearing activities in relation with customers and suppliers requirements. APS system clusters and classifies customer orders, forecasts future fulfilment requirements, checks resources availability and sets order priorities. Moreover, APS system helps AirAsia in gaining competitive advantage as it provides visibility across supply chain. APS system will improve AirAsia’s strategic and operational performances particularly in the inbound and operational activities. Potential Ideas in the Information Technology Aspect In order to gain market share and sustain its competitive advantages to be the low cost carrier in the high demanding environment, AirAsia must develop new ways to manage both customer relationships and suppliers or partners to optimize customer loyalty, supplier relationships, and revenue. The following diagram shows the strategic forces of value proposition of the airline industry, showing that the focus on Supplier and Alliances and customers will drive positive values to AirAsia can achieve. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) application will be one of the area of strategic IT implementation that AirAsia can focus to achieve high values to both shareholders and customers. In long term, customer relationships should be fostered for AirAsia to maintain competitive advantage and profitability. When planning and implementing CRM application, management is recommended the following approaches: Customer segmentation is where mileage-based segmentation is inadequate, rather should focused on value-based and needs-based approaches can guide investment decisions and drive greater insight into the needs of high value customers. Whereas CRM initiative development – to differentiate from other competitors, AirAsia should not adopt the â€Å"fast follower† approach to CRM initiative development, i.e. learning from other competitors’ approach (e.g.installing kiosks for fast check-in). AirAsia should implement CRM program in favor of investing in initiatives with a high return, which respond to the needs and desires of their own customers and Organizational design and management is where AirAsia needs to train the employees, empowering them with a complete view of the customer and clearly articulating the employee’s role in the CRM strategy. Conclusion AirAsia as I thought was just a company that provided a low cost carrying airline company. Well that is true but after studying the information and technological aspect of the company, i have come to realize that there is so much more to the company than I realized. The systems in place are simple and efficient and wouldn’t look that impressive but the key of it was the collaboration of all these systems put together is what makes AirAsia what it is. The position of managing the technology in AirAsia is gaining importance in today’s world where technology is making a larger impact in organizations. Having the right person filling the role of the head of technology management can either make or break the company. In the case of Airasia, it is even more important and more difficult to find the right man. This is because Airasia has a set of policies and a vision that sets itself apart from other large corporations or organizations. At times, this flies in the face of conventional wisdom that is adopted at most other places, exemplified by Google’s strict insistence on maintaining employee’s freedom of choice. An organization like AirAsia which considers itself to be ‘special’ and ‘outstanding’, needs a CIO or CTO who is even more special and outstanding. The researchers have outlined some qualities that are needed, and by using examples of situations that have and are continuing to occur in AirAsia, make suggestions on how using these qualities, a CIO or CTO can address those issues.Service Level Agreements are basically agreements between those offering a service and those who are receiving or using that service. Basically it is a form of protection against the unexpected. In the business world, guarantees are very important, not only from the business and operational sense, but also in the sense of upholding a reputation. AirAsia have a fairly solid SLA in place, however it is not without shortcomings. A close examination reveals that there are a multitude of improvements that can be made. Better drafting of SLAs can help simplify work for the company and also allow it to focus more on the core operational issues. SLAs can also be advantageous in driving down costs and creating beneficial partnerships. With the importance of SLAs well established, the researchers have pointed out some areas that AirAsia would do well to consider to help improve its standing in this regard, and suggested some ways in which it could do so.All in all this has been a learning experience for the researchers, who have been able to link the theories learned in class to real world cases and scenarios which have helped create a better understanding of the issues that have been discussed during class. References: McNurlin, Barbara, et. al. (2009). â€Å"Information Systems Management in Practice (8th ed.)†. Prentice Hall Bird, M. (2010). Modern Management Guide to Information Technology. Create Space Anon, 2004, About Us, AirAsia, http://www.airasia.com/my/en/corporate/corporateprofile.page, Accessed on the 6th of July 2012 B.K. Sidhu, 2012, Tony fernandes speask to Star Biz on Airasia’s future plans, Available from http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/6/15/business/11484860&sec=business, Accessed on the 10th of July 2012. Margaret Rouse, 2009, Advanced planning and scheduling http://searchmanufacturingerp.techtarget.com/definition/advanced-planning-and-scheduling-APS, Accessed on the 5th of July 2012. Charles Kho, 2005, Strategic IT Initiative, Available from, http://sandygarink.tripod.com/papers/AA_SITA.pdf, Accessed on the 7th of July 2012. Anon, 2002, Management in Technology, Available from, http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Management_of_technology_selected_papers_at_Vienna_Global_Forum.pdf Accessed on the 7th of July 2012. WIT, 2011, Technology enhances AirAsia’s product and service delivery http://www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_nshw.php?mwi=9119, Accessed on the 7th of July 2012. Bernard.A, 2005, New Roles, New Responsibilities: Today’s CIO [online],

Ben Carson Essay

English 52 3:00pm class Faith Ben Carson today is a neurosurgeon that once was just a young black kid from the ghetto with no knowledge of anything the world. Today he is one of the most inspiring person in the world, he was the first neurosurgeon to separate conjoined twins from the head, without bleeding to death. He had no dad, and a mom with psychiatric problems. He faced a hard teenage and childhood, in his life he faced problems from racism, anger management, and poverty. This book shows us how having faith with no fear of the unknown, this book ould lead anyone to have a successful spiritual life and career. His faith led him to go through all the struggles and come out successful. Ben Carson had different experiences throughout his childhood, and having faith led him to go through struggles. When he was just a boy, his father left him, his brother, and mother, because of another family he had. As a child Ben tried to figure out why his father had left them for another family, Ben used church as a way to escape his problems.He began to really have faith, when he heard the preacher talk about a missionary doctor; from then on, his faith set him on a path to become a doctor. There also came a time where his faith was put to the test. At 14 years old he struggled with a bad temper. All the hate he felt from his dad leaving him was in his heart, and he had never let it go. One day at school, he sat listening to classical music when one of his friends made fun of him and was going to change the music.Carson, with all the hate he had, he pulled out a pocket knife he had bought and aimed for his stomach, he hit his friend’s belt buckle. He ran home and thought to himself he was crazy. He got home and locked himself in the bathroom and prayed to God to take his temper away and he prayed and sang, â€Å"Jesus is All the World to Me. † From then on his faith only became stronger, and whenever he felt anything negative, going back to this moment made him feel better. God gave him a second chance to life and make more of it. From then on, he knew he was going to be an instrument of God to save people.When he went on a job for the university to recruit students with his current wife, he almost had an accident while falling asleep on the wheel; he felt relieved and thanked God for helping and giving him yet another chance to life. His struggle through Yale University, when he couldn’t find a job, his faith and willingness helped him find one. Even in his junior year, when he had no money, he walked through the university, thinking and asking God how he was going to make it through, and, just like that, he found 10 dollars in the ground. He knew God was guiding him through and watching over him.In another school year, when he also went through rough economic times, he then again walked through his campus to see if he would find money again, but, no luck, his university did a test of honesty and said that all of the test the c lass had taken, had been burned in a fire his whole class, there were notices posted some of the students just said, that they will just say they did not see the post. Carson was the only one left and the teacher and a photographer came to take the picture of the only honest student in class and right then and there the teacher handed him a 10 dollar bill.As he grew older and became a doctor during surgeries and he felt lost his faith helped him and believed God would guide his hands and even though he did have times, he failed, his surgeries he had faith, that made him strong to overcome it. At the end without faith he wouldn’t be where he is at today. In my life, without faith I wouldn’t be where I am right now. Ever since I read this book, it has inspired my faith in a spiritual and professional way. I have gone to church more often and found the peace I was looking for.I no longer have temper issues, either. I have been more successful in my job and will soon be ge tting another job. I have been dedicated more, and I don’t make sudden decisions, which only benefits me. My faith has also made me outgoing in my career. I never give up finding a solution to a problem. There’s a saying that says â€Å"faith can move mountains. † I believe that Ben Carson is a perfect example of this, and it’s an example that I am following step by step in school and work. When I feel frustrated and ngry, I let my faith intervene and help me get through my own struggles, My marriage has also gotten much better. I have set my life goals based on this book and I know I could achieve them. There is a saying that says faith is the last to die, and that’s the difference between hope and faith. I believe those who hope wait around for things to come out good or wait for things to be handed to them are the ones who never step to the world of the unknown because of fear and like of faith. But with faith you have to put in your work and no t give up on your goals.Ben Carson made it from the ghetto to being a successful, respected Neurosurgeon; because of his faith, he never once stopped believing in himself. His mom’s faith in him also helped; she knew he was going to be special. I believe we all have our destiny this life and that God has set a path for us, our choices, decisions and faith are the ones that decide our path. I will follow my own path just as Ben Carson did; I do not where it will take me, but I know that faith will keep me on the right path. Because faith is the last thing to die.

Psoriasis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Psoriasis - Research Paper Example Thus, acceptance of the situation is an indispensable ingredient to maximize the clients’ adherence to any therapy. In this paper, the efficacy of the available treatment options for psoriasis will be comprehensively examined including the social issues affixed and outlook of the situation. In doing this, an overview of the disorder comprising the causes, risks, and pathophysiology will be briefly discussed. The cure for psoriasis has been a lifetime dream for dermatologists and affected clients. The quality of life of clients afflicted with psoriasis suffers greatly within 5 to 10 years after onset. Although it is not transmissible to other people, the appearance of the lesions affects the clients' social functioning (Winterfield et al, 2005). Traditional therapeutic regimens are continuously challenged by more recent discoveries in biochemistry and immunologic medicine. Some forms of treatment, like phototherapy and topical therapy, are used as a combination therapy rather t han used alone. In any case, minor and major adverse effects manifest themselves that limit the clients’ adherence to the prescribed therapy. Presently, medical practitioners continue to discover potential treatment options that would precipitate fewer side- effects. As the genetic correlation and immunologic alteration of the disorder are being studied, the use of biologic agents and gene therapy may become one of the treatment options in the future. Several scientists are becoming more and more aggressive in the treatment by using monoclonal antibodies purposely altered to suppress cell division of target cells (Winterfield et al, 2005). Pathophysiology The exact triggering mechanism involved in psoriasis consists of the dynamic interplay of individual factors and environment (Kumar et al, 2010). Although genetic predisposition to the condition has been recognized in some cases, the incidence of psoriasis remains relatively similar even in clients without a traceable family history. Moreover, the role of the environment as a risk factor can be seen in some clients when psoriatic lesions occur at areas with a history of skin injury, sunburn, and excoriation. Warm climates also appear to improve the condition (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2010). In addition, the immunologic causation of the condition can be observed in some clients who also developed debilitating arthritis. Because of this, psoriasis can be viewed as a systemic connective tissue disorder rather than a simple skin condition (McPhee et al, 2006). While it has been generally established that the onset of the condition occurs by 20 years of age, the condition may also manifest in older people at 57 to 60 years of age. Psoriasis is very common and affects nearly 1% to 2% of the population (Huether and McCance, 2006). The pathophysiologic basis of psoriasis highlights the involvement of an abnormality in the immune reaction in the skin which results from the overstimulation of the immune system (Kumar et al, 2010). Langerhans cells in the skin react with an unknown antigen, leading to T- lymphocyte activation which then attacks the keratinocytes. The resulting dermal inflammation causes scaling (McPhee et al, 2006). Normally, the cells in the basement membrane of the epidermis reach the outermost layer for about 27 days, while it only takes 4 to 5 days in the case of psoriasis. Cell maturation and keratinization are bypassed, thus the epidermis thickens and plaques form. Loosely cohesive keratin

Genetically modified foods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically modified foods - Essay Example How GM food production is likely to affect health, environment, and ecology at large. Annotated Bibliography Chen, Li; Lee, Dong; Song, Zhi; Suh, Hak; Lu, Bao. â€Å"Gene flow from cultivated rice (Oryza sativa) to its weedy and wild relatives†. (2004). Annals of Botany, 93, 67–73. Authors are researchers at reputed universities at South Korea and China. The article describes how outcrossing could lead to undesired transfer of genes to non-target crops and culminate into a new issue with unknown results creating long-term ecological consequences. Authors strongly recommended that while growing GM foods an isolation zone must be established to prevent outcrossing. The experiments were conducted with rice at two places in China and South Korea. The resource is valuable in the sense that gene transfer technology should be used with caution. â€Å"Food Standards Agency†. GM Crops and Foods: Follow-up to the Food Matters Report by Defra and the FSA. Web. 9 June 2013 h ttp://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/foodmattergmreport.pdf Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and Food Standards Agency have prepared a report on matters of food security pertaining to GM crops and foods. The report highlights how delayed approvals from EU for GM crops could impact availability of animal feed for livestock. The report informs about current EU position and how GM foods are regulated and its likely implications for consumers. The report is important to understand the EU stand in reference to the GM foods for animal feed purposes. â€Å"Friends of the Earth†. Could GM foods cause allergies? Web 2006. 9 June 2013 http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/gm_alergies.pdf The site based at the UK closely follows environment concerns in relation to various issues including GM foods. In the published article, it has been stated that it is important to check GM food for immune system response otherwise it could be lethal for those who consume it. The a uthors strongly recommend that unless acceptable methods are available for detection of allergenicity, no GM crop should be given approval. The site certainly gives information how GM foods could be detrimental to the health of people. â€Å"GeneWatch UK†. GM crops and Foods in Britain and Europe. Web. 9 June 2013 http://www.genewatch.org/sub-568547 The GeneWatch is the UK based not-for-profit organization aims at investigating impact of genetic science and technologies on health, food, agriculture, society and environment. The site strongly believes that public must be made aware how genetic technologies could cause impact in their life. The site discusses various pros and cons related to GM foods providing a very good insight on this issue. â€Å"GM crops and Food Security†. House of Parliament. Web 2011. 9 June 2013 www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/post-pn-386.pdf House of Parliament is assigned with the task of providing balanced and independent analysis of all ma tters that has the basis in science and technology. Accordingly, the article discusses how GM technique can provide food security in Europe highlighting its impact on environment. The article also describes about the possibilities of producing drought tolerant and herbicide resistant wheat to benefit from this technology. The sight can provide balanced information on the issue of GM foods and crops. Lindqvist, Anna and Verba, Terra. Golden Rice and other

Dissatisfaction of employees in organization Assignment

Dissatisfaction of employees in organization - Assignment Example However, every employee has certain expectations from the company for, which they deliver their services. An employee craves for variable returns for his/her services being rendered to the organisation. A dis-satisfied employee may face variable amount of problems, which may result in decline of the productivity of the employees that will drastically affect the overall performance of an organisation (Anderson, 2011). Effective leadership quality and application of advanced procedures will ensure in directing the employees to the attainment of business objectives. In this context, dis-satisfaction among the employees arises due to ineffective management systems prevailing within the organisations. The paper intends to discuss about the problem prevailing within the organisation mentioned in the case study. The study also lays a dis-satisfaction amidst the employees and its adverse effects on productivity. In this respect, the current issues that are creating various factors of indiffe rences of a chosen organisational situation will be analysed upon. And based on the analysis, effective measures for curbing out the issues to improve the organisational situation will be determined thereon. ... An in depth analysis provides a clearer picture of that presented the aspects of inequalities within the organisation. This aspect seemed to take a negative turn within the entire organisation. It was learned that all the employees who were working within the organisation were not treated in an equal manner. It has been affirmed form the case scenario that the employees who dedicatedly invested their time and effort in meeting up the business requirements were not given equal treatments, benefits and perks as compared to other employees. This created a dis-satisfaction among the employees, which affected the productivity of the organisation. According to the brief scenario, broader benefits comprised of different opportunities pertaining to learning of multiple languages. The other benefits included proper motivation, opportunities pertaining to receiving scholarships, different forms of training among other beneficial factors. On the other hand, the scenario was totally different. T he other bunch of employees who seem to work very hard for the sake of the organisation did not received any returns from the organisation’s end. It seemed that all of efforts were simply getting wasted as there was no one to recognise their hard work. And these aspects ultimately lead to dissatisfaction among the employees as they were not receiving any kind of benefits or motivational support. The medical hospital mainly dealt with patients who suffered serious issues pertaining to addiction. In the addiction section of the particular organisation/ mental hospital, there were three types of staffs that mainly consisted of doctors, psychologists and nurses. It was around 100 employees who served in that particular section of the

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Research - Essay Example Research based solutions are beneficial because they take into account the most recent advancements in the medical field in question while also coming up with practical solutions on how to confront the existing problem. A good example of this is the use of virtual doctor’s assistants in order to leave more registered nurses free to perform the existing duties. Virtual assistants will not just be helpful in ensuring that a lot of medical personnel are liberated to fulfill other duties, but will also contribute towards the streamlining of the use of information technology in various respects by medical organizations. Many hospitals still struggle to implement electronic records that function well. Virtual assistants will help in ensuring that there is better tracking of the records of patients’ health every day. This will in turn reduce the number of doctor visits on a daily basis, empower the patients in terms of their healthcare, and reduce the incidence of serious medi cal problems. The use of virtual assistants is not a reality in many parts of the world and its practicality is still doubted by many healthcare experts (LittleJohn, Campbell, Collins-McNeil, & Khayile, 2012). In addition, there is not much research that has been conducted to substantiate the claims that this is one subject that can help in dealing with staff shortages among other problems. However, it is evident that the use of virtual assistants has more potential benefits than any other solution to date. A virtual assistant will even be able to monitor doctor prescriptions, reducing the incidence of visits to the doctor and thus saving costs. In recent times, health-related developments such as health-monitoring and data tracking have began to be accepted in the mainstream as viable health care solutions. Virtual assistants also need to begin being seriously considered as a serious answer to the majority

Why Cognitive Ability Testing is a good predictor of work performance Essay

Why Cognitive Ability Testing is a good predictor of work performance - Essay Example Without such tests, it would be impossible for organizations to hire individuals who are competent enough to ensure that they are able to achieve their missions without much hindrance. Therefore, cognitive ability testing is an essential part of making sure that the work performance of individuals can be predicted. One of the most useful aspects of cognitive ability testing is that it determines the ability of employees to learn and adapt to the work environment. This is an exceptionally essential characteristic for an employee to have because it ensures that he is able to learn about a given situation quickly and take the necessary action that is needed to solve it, especially if it is a crisis (Bertua, et al, 2005). Furthermore, it is in the interest of an employee to be tested since it allows for the development of a better understanding of oneself and this to such an extent that it helps them to take the necessary action needed to develop learning abilities. Moreover, it is helpful for employees to learn whether they are capable of adapting to new situations because there are instances where organizations tend to implement changes at such a fast pace that individuals within these organizations might end up not being capable of handling it properly (Guo, 2012). A result of such circumstance s is that an organization might end up in crisis, making it necessary for cognitive ability testing to be conducted to determine whether individuals who are employed are capable of handling change through adaptation. Employees who are capable of adapting to changes and new situations that come with them tend to be the most successful within the organization because not only is their job performance improved, but also their ability to take on new tasks is often guaranteed (Campitelli and Gerrans, 2014). In this way, employees end up being encouraged to improve their learning and adaptation abilities so that

Resolving Landfill Problem Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Resolving Landfill Problem - Coursework Example Environmental inequality usually rises when a community determines the rate at which it can pollute the environment without considering sustainable development measures. The attitude that is resistive to change in the environmental policies is considered by many to be anti-urban. Unfortunately, the most sensitive issue of the environment as both the people with color, without color, flora, and fauna depend on the Mother Nature’s environment has been ignored or made to look racist. This problem is mostly felt in the cities due to the large population dwelling in them. Due to this fact that with a large population there comes great responsibility that seems to be sadly ignored as the skies continue to turn black and brown in color. Efforts to change this by the environmentalists have been greatly sidetracked by the issues of racial ideology that seems to be predominantly in the people minds. It is unfortunate that the color of the skin determines who make the policies and those to implement them in the American society. In order to improve cumulative assessment, there are several factors that we must take into consideration. These factors include factors for us to achieve a sustainable urban planning. Hence, the community involvement is very important in determining the social, economic, and cultural parameters for any cumulative risk assessment. This will help us develop some more questions on the cumulative risk assessment and answer some questions. Currently, the landfill contains class II landfill that deals with construction debris. It is believed that the construction of Ngamia 1 and Ngamia 2 is expected to increase revenue for the State as these landfills will be more spacious and huge.  

Short Answer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Short Answer - Assignment Example The intercessions become more dedicated and intricate as the stratagems employed at a particular stage are looked into. 10. The watchword is to challenge the negativities and encourage the positive aspects. For example, when the light is put on, the darkness automatically disappears. If the procedure has to work, it should include viability, desirability and efficacy. The responsibility rests upon teachers as well as the parents. Their positive dispositions leave an effect as for the teen’s capability to partake in societal and activities in the educational institution. The three areas of insufficiency abilities elucidated are communications skills, social skills and self-management skills. Constructive behavior backing, being primarily a teaching method, is successful. 11. Certain broad factors need to be identified such as goal identification, collecting information, developing assumptions, support plan design, execution and watching. Primary prevention approaches focus on intercessions employed on an educational institution-wise system for learners. This stage of deterrence is defined "primary" because majority of the students are treated on identical terms, also relating to identical stage to the intercession. The primary deterrence level is of consequence by the numerical point of view. Secondary level interventions are for a small and limited group as per the exclusive requirements of the students of this group which include societal backing like sharpening social skills by specific exercises or educational sustenance. Tertiary-level packages are mostly intensive or individual-based intercessions and are the most inclusive and intricate. Behavioral strategies categorized under PBS are many to enable toe students to transform their behavior. S ome of these strategies are delivered through the consultation process by teachers. To prevent the most severe forms of problem behaviors, normal social behavior in

Emperor Constantine Essay Example for Free

Emperor Constantine Essay The relationship between the man and religion is centuries old and so is relationship between the man and the God. God in many forms have profoundly been capturing the hearts and souls of humans. In whatever phase of life this world has taken the man into, religion has always predominated the man’s life and so along with it several questions? Since, the Western world’s explorations started way back in14th Century, Christianity also spread, dug its roots in many parts of the world and spread its own interpretations about the Jesus, and his teachings. see more:to be human is to err It is evidently true that now people have ardent belief that Jesus was both human as well as divine and the life of Jesus on this Earth was both of ordinary man as well as supreme but this belief was not always there. It was the period between first and third century; people never tried to ponder on this theological aspect of their so ardent belief. Even Church did not have time to delve and search about this aspect as they were occupied in missionary activities and striving to protect themselves from persecutions. But the time suddenly changed when Emperor Constantine put an ultimate end to persecutions and also gave his moral and financial support to the Church. His support bore fruit and Christians organized themselves. In the year 325 AD at the Council of Nicaea, there was a debate among the Scholars and religious preachers. The debate was on the topic, Was Jesus a human or divine? Arius, both a priest and a preacher from Alexander said that Jesus was a human but was the first to be created by God but his opponents gave a strong argument by saying that if Jesus had been only a common human being like you and me then his death and finally resurrection would never have been so powerful to redeem our sins. If it was Jesus who had to provide salvation to humans then he ought to be divine. The opponents won and their views and ideologues appeared in Nicaean creed, where it is written, Jesus is true God of true God, begotten, not made. (Flesher, 2003) Another debate took place at Ephesus in 431 A. D. and the topic was if Jesus was human as well as divine then how can these both natures be culminated in one? Many Christians from Abtioch in Syria said that Jesus had traits of both divine and human nature but he used it differently. For e. g. If Jesus is God, he performs miracles but when Jesus plays the role of human then he suffers like a human and died. The Christians from Alexandria argued that though these two natures were blended together but these characteristics were not of equal measure. His divine power was more powerful as with his divinity, he had led human kind towards salvation and redemption of sins. His physical and normal human beings traits are not of much importance. These debates did not come into any conclusion. Again the Fourth Council was held at Chalcedon 20 years later, when Bishops thought to resolve the problem by taking middle position and got into belief that Jesus was both human as well as divine and with both these natures blended, gave human beings the path of righteousness. As a human being, he got himself prone to temptation, sins but his divine power overcame his human instinct, and this divinity in him takes the humans on the path of salvation. This formulation became the basis for the Catholicism, Protestantism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, but this belief was not adopted by every one especially Churches of Egypt, Syria, Ethiopia and Armenia. (Flesher, 2003). â€Å"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us† (ESV. Bible John 1:14). When Jesus was born, he was human being which his closest disciple also said, â€Å"That which was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen with our eyes, which we have looked upon, and our hands have handled, concerning the Word of life—the life was manifested, and we have seen, and bear witness † (1 John 1:1). John established him as a human being when he conveyed that Jesus disciples saw, touched and heard Him. (The Good News Magazine, Online Edition) He also felt hunger, thirst when he went on fast and fatigue too. Geza Vermes in his The Changing Faces of Jesus delve into the different facets of Jesus, taking into consideration the letters of Paul and the Gospel of John. The author said that as soon as the first century came to an end, Christianity forgot about the real Jesus and his messages. â€Å"Jesus, the religious man with an irresistible charismatic charm, was metamorphosed into Jesus the Christ, the transcendent object of the Christian religion. † (Vermes, 2000) In the most polemic tone, Geza Vermes (2000) said that: â€Å"As a historian I consider Jesus, the primitive church and the New Testament as part and parcel of first-century Judaism and seek to read them as such rather than through the eyes of a theologian who may often be conditioned, and subconsciously influenced, by two millennia of Christian belief and church directives. † Vermes consulted Gospel of John, which had endorsed the divine status to Jesus and then moved on to the Pauline letters, the book of acts and the Synoptic Gospels and said that if one goes by Synoptic Gospels, historical and Jewish religious tenor, Jesus is shown as a prophet – a holy man, a charismatic healer and exorcist. He also said that Jesus was a teacher to preach the words of God to the people on this Earth, as the other holy men of Jewish did. He went further to say that Jesus was a Hasid, a holy man from Galilean equivalent to other holy men as Hanina ben Dosa. Jesus always said that he was the son of man and just like other Galileans. Jesus did not indulge in halakhic matters. He even said that Jesus never wanted to form a new religion, as advocated by the Early Christian churches. Even Paul also never considered Jesus as a divine being or as a historical person. For Paul, Jesus is a redeemer of sins. He too said that Jesus was unmarried and no one else except Jesus has left a legacy of his magical words to take the human beings out of their sins towards the path of God and true living.

Run Lola Run - Relentless Passage of Time Essay Example for Free

Run Lola Run Relentless Passage of Time Essay In the film, ‘Run Lola Run’ directed by Tom Tyker, various verbal and visual techniques are used to give and display to the audience several strong ideas. Verbal techniques such as music, and visual techniques such as snapshots, cinematography and others, emphasized and helped to display the important themes and ideas to the audience in ‘Run Lola Run’. These ideas and themes included ‘The Relentless Passage of Time’, and ‘The Role of Fate and Chance’. These all centre around the main character Lola, as she has 20 minutes to raise $100,000 marks, save her boyfriend Manni from certain death and punishment, and for a supernatural reason has three chances to do so after she fails the first 2 times. ‘Run Lola Run’ is set in the 20th century in the city of Berlin, and is broken up into 3 separate parts of her chances to run and save Manni her boyfriend. The visual editing technique of snapshots is significant and unique to any other film, and used interestingly in ‘Run Lola Run’. The snapshot technique was used on occasions in which Lola encountered different strangers on her run to save Manni. The camera zoomed close up to these people faces before switching to snapshots which showed the major aspects in each person’s future. These snapshots were in a slightly dull colour scheme and had the sound of the old flash camera going off at the arrival of each image. The characters that Lola encountered that were affected by the snapshot technique were Doris the lady with the pram, and Mike the boy on the bike, and for each of the 3 runs the snapshots of their futures were different. This strongly emphasized the displayed theme of ‘The Role of Fate and Chance’ to the audience. For example, Doris’s (the lady with the pram) snapshots show for the 1st run that she becomes poor, has her baby taken away, and in the end steals someone else’s baby, for the 2nd run she wins lotto and becomes a millionaire, and for the last run she becomes a Catholic.

Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay Cerebral Palsy is a common neuro developmental disorder of childhood with prevalence is about 2 per 1000 births in industrial nations [Pameth et al, 1981] and 3 per 100 live births WHO 1999] It is defined as a permanent, non progressive defect or lesion present at birth or shortly thereafter. Cerebral refers to brain and palsy refers to lack of motor control. The childs co ordination of movement is affected, making it difficult or impossible to practice and perfect skills of daily life. Traditionally prenatal etiology, prematurity, total growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia and other perinatal causes like trauma have all been implicated as risk factors for cerebral palsy. (National collaborative perinatal project NCPP data). Cerebral Palsy (CP) is classified clinically in terms of the part of the body involved,eg., hemiplegia, diplegia, quadraplegia and by the clinical perceptions of tone and involuntary movement., eg., Spasti , athetoid , ataxic [ Roberta B.Shepherd 1995] 1.2 SPASTIC DIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY Spasticity affects approximately 75% of all patients with cerebral palsy and when characterized by body part. Diplegia is the most commonest type. These disorders are due to faulty development damage or to motor area in the brain which disrupt the brains ability to adequately control movement and posture. Tends to affect the legs of a patient more than the arms.Spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy patients have more extremity than the upper extremity.This allows most people with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy to eventually walk. The gait of a person with spastic Diplegia cerebral palsy is typically characterized by a crouched gait. Toe walking and fixed knees are common attributes. Spasticity is a motor disorder characterized by a velocity dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks , resulting from hyper excitability of the stretch reflex [ Lance 1980]. Contracture is a loss of passive range of motion assessed by measuring maximum passive joint excursion [Horsley et al 2007, Harvey et al 2006]. Spasticity can lead to contracture [Farmer and James 2001, Tardien et al 1982] and both spastcicty and contracture can limit activity [Boyd and Ada 2008, Hoffler et al 1987]. Two approaches used for the treatment of children with physical disabilities are advanced physiotherapy treatment called Neuro developmental therapy (NDT) and muscle energy technique (MET). The aim of Neuro development therapy is through specialized techniques of handling, to give children with cerebral palsy the experience of a greater variety of co ordinated movement patterns where as muscle energy technique functions by relaxing acute muscle spasm mobilizing the restricted soft tissue and toning the weakened musculatures. 1.3 NEED OF THE STUDY: Since spasticity in the muscles affects the functional gait pattern and decreases the childs ambulatory independency, therefore the need for the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of neuro developmental therapy with muscle energy technique for lower extremity to improve functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Effectiveness of Neuro Developmental Therapy with muscle energy technique for lower extremity to improve the functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.5 OBJECTIVE: Treatment of children using neuro developmental therapy Treatment of children using muscle energy technique. Compare and contrast Neuro Developmental Therapy in relation to muscle energy Technique. To determine the effects of Neuro Developmental Therapy and muscle energy technique that improves the functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. 1.6 HYPOTHESIS: The null hypothesis upon which the study is designed can be stated as there is no significant improvement in functional ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy by the application of NDT MET. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Rosenbaum palsy[2003]-Defines cerebral palsy as an umbrella term covering a group of non progressive, but after changing motor impairment syndromes secondary to lesions or anomalies of the brain arising in the early stages of development. He is saying that cerebral palsy refers to a group of disabilities that will not self correct, which affects children while very strong and that disrupt the childs movement ability in connection with brain function. Baxm,Goldstein,et al.,(2005) defined cerebral palsy as a group of disorders that affect the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, and are attributed to non progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant born. Becker Jg-stated that spastic paresis is characterized by a posture-and movement dependent tone regulation disorder. The clinical symptoms are the loss or absence of tone in lying, and increases in tone in sitting, standing, walking, or running, depending on the degree of involvement, spastic paresis is the most common motor disorder (83%). Janstephan Tecklin (2008)-stated that the child with classic spastic diplegia will typically demonstrate hypotonia through the neck and trunk while having increased stiffness in both legs. Bernard Dan (2001)-stated that spastic diplegia characterized by limb hypertonia, which is more marked distally, predominates the lower limbs and increases active mobilization, hyperactive jerks, extensor plantar responses and varying degree of trunk hypotonia. Felters-1(Phy Therapy 1996)-Did a study on the effects of Neuro Developmental Therapy versus practice on reaching of children with spastic cerebral palsy. It was found that NDT was more effective Iddav Embrey Et Al [1990] Conducted a study on effects of neuro -developmental treatment and inhibitive ankle height orthroses on gait with spastic diplegic children with cerebral palsy . The results shows that both methods of treatment can be used to decrease excessive knee flexion during gait in a children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Lilly La Powell NJ -Conducted a study regarding measuring the effects of neuro developmental treatment on the daily living skills of two children with cerebral palsy. They examined the short term effects of Neuro Developmental Treatment (NDT) was found that improvements were made in the motor performance of daily living skills in two girls with cerebral palsy. Bobath Therapy is a physical technique, principally used with cerebral palsy to inhibit abnormal movement or postures and promote effective normalized movement and muscle tone [Early physiotherapy or Bobath technique in infants with suspected neuro motor disturbance 1981]. Ketelarr m, et al., Did a study on the effects of functional therapy programe on motor abilities of children with cerebral palsy. They found improvement in both gross motor abilities and functional skills in children who received functional physical therapy programe.(physical therapy 2001). Nikos Tsorlakis Et al [2004] -Conducted a study on effect of Neuro Developmental Treatment on gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy. They found that improvement were made in the gross motor abilities in children who received Neuro Developmental Therapy. Kostidis, Michaei [2009] -The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of Muscle Energy Technique (MET), to a static stretch of 30 seconds duration for increasing the extensibility of the hamstring muscles. The result showed that MET was more effective, compared to static stretching. Mohd.Waseem et al [2009]-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique [MET] on hamstring flexibility in normal INDIAN collegiate males. The result indicates that MET is significantly improving the hamstring flexibility [range of motion] in collegiate males. Kmberly Bucham [2007] -In that study to investigate the effectiveness of MET in increasing passive knee extension. Results showed that a significant increase in range of motion was observed at the knee flexion a application of MET. Wilson E, Donegam Shoafl, et al., [2003]-Conducted a study on effects of MET in patients with acute low back pain. The results showed that MET was effective in decreasing disability and improving function in patients with acute low back pain. Ballantyne, Fryer G, et al., [2003]-The study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Muscle Energy Technique in increasing passive knee extension and to explore the mechanism behind any observed change. Muscle Energy Technique produced an immediate increase in passive knee extension. This observed change in range of motion is passive due to an increased tolerance to stretch. Ching Shag Anita,et al., [2004]-The study was conducted to compare the immediate effects and lasting effects between passive stretch and Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Muscle Extensibility. The result suggested that Muscle Energy Technique appeared to be more effective than passive stretching for increasing Hamstring Extensibility immediately post treatment and still at one hour. Msalle me et al-WEE FIM is a valid measure for tracking disability in preschool age and middle childhood and this allows the paediatrician to prioritize interventions for enhancing comprehensive functional outcomes and supporting families. Yung a, wong v et al., WEE FIM could be used to assist neuro rehabilitation clinicians in the selection of short term realistic goals and long term rehabilitation strategies for children with various Neuro Developmental disabilities. Dr.Fayetteville,ms.smith et al.,- to determine the inter rater reliability of manual tests of elbow flexor muscle spasticity graded on a Modified Ashworth Scale was significant and the reliability was good and believe them to be positive enough to encourage further trials of the Modified Ashworth Scale for grading spasticity. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The cerebral palsy children were selected on an initial baseline assessment and confirmation of their diagnosis. 3.1 SUBJECTS: Male and female cerebral palsy children between age group of four to fourteen years were taken. The children were primarily diagnosed and evaluated by a neurologist and a pediatrician and were referred to physical therapy. 3.2 ASSESSMENT TOOL USED: Modified Ashworth Scale Weefim Scale 3.3 MATERIALS USED: Floor Smooth non slippery Surface. A large firm exercise mat (minimum 4 or 6) with a maximum thickness of 1 for proprioception and tactile feedback. So the child has better sensory information regarding movement. Small interesting toys that can be touched with one or both hands for head control, reaching, eye fixation. Pillows. Therapy ball and Bolsters provides mobile surface and facilitate automatic reactions. Small wooden chair, Bench and couch of various heights for short sitting , table top activities , stepping , climbing and so on. A rail or parallel bars. Tilt boards and equilibrium boards for the child may lie, sit, kneel, stand or maintain a quadruped position, while being rocked in mediolateral or anteroposterior directions and to elicit rightening reactions. Adaptive equipment to offer postural support or may aid functional skills and mobility. Soft soothing music to motivate the child. Stop watch. 3.4 METHODOLOGY 3.4.1. STUDY DESIGN: This will be an experienced study with two groups having pretest and post test groups. 3.4.2. STUDY SETTING: This study was done in Families for children podanur, Amrit orthopedics rehablitation centre, Coimbatore and in patients who were referred for physical therapy from department of pediatrics and neurology, SRI RAMAKRISHNA HOSPITAL, COIMBATORE. 3.4.3. TOTAL STUDY DURATION: 6 Months. 3.4.4. TREATMENT TIME: 45 Minutes duration per day for three weeks. 3.5. SELECTION CRITERIA 3.5.1. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Children with mild to moderate spastic diplegic type of cerebral palsy. Ability to understand and respond to verbal instructions. Gross Motor Function Classification level and II and III. Cognitively Sound. Children within the age group of 4-14 years. Both male and female. 3.5.2. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Gross Motor Function Classification level IV and V. Mental retardation. Uncontrolled Epilepsy. Children with Athetoid and Mixed type of cerebral palsy. Visual and hearing impairment. Respiratory distress. Congenital heart problems. Children with fixed skeletal or hip deformities. Difficulty to understand command. 3.6. SAMPLING: 20 Children were selected based on inclusion criteria. They were further divided into control and experimental group containing 10 children in each group based on convenient sampling. Control group ( Group A ) : Children receiving Neuro developmental therapy. Experimental group (Group B): Children receiving Neuro development therapy with Muscle Energy Technique. 3.7. STATISTICAL TOOL: The data collected was analyzed using independent t- test. The test was carried out between 2 groups. The pretest and post test values for 2 groups are to be calculated and will be assessed for variation and improvements their significance will be assessed. t = x1 x2 n1 n2 S ( n1 + n2 ) S = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ ( x1 x1 ) 2 + ( x2 x2 ) 2 n1 + n2 2 where, S = Combined standard deviation x1 = Difference between Pre test and post test in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° x2 = Difference between Pre test and post test in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° x1 = Mean Difference of Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° x2 = Mean Difference of Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° n1 = Number of subjects in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ ° n2 = Number of subjects in Group  Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ° 4. TREATMENT TECHNIQUES 4.1 NEURO DEVELOPMENTAL THERAPY (BOBATH THERAPY) Bobath concept is the most familiar and widely used approach for children with neurologic disorders. It is originated in 1940 and early 1950. PRINCIPLES: Patterns of movement Use of handling Prerequisites for movement NDT Treatment constructs a purposeful relationship between sensory input and motor output. Therapeutic handling is a primary intervention strategy that NDT therapists use to assist the client in achieving independent function. ABNORMAL TONE ABNORMAL POSTURE ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS REGISTRATION OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS REPETITION MEMORY EXECUTION OF ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS The primary difference that separates NDT clinical practice from all other approaches is the inclusion of precise therapeutic handling, which includes both inhibition as key interventions to achieve independent function. HANDLING Handling is facilitation or inhibition of posture and movement: Normal postural control Movement in ground and space Experiences of various postures Postural alignment to weight shifts Variety of movement patterns Direct, regulate and organize tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular input. Direct the clients initiation of movement more efficiently and with more effective muscle synergies. Decrease the amount of force the client uses to stabilize the body segments. Guide to redirect the direction, speed, force and timing of the muscle activation for successful task completion. Sense the response of the client to the sensory input and movement outcome and provide non verbal feedback for reference of correction. When the client can become independent of the therapist and take control of posture and movement. Direct the clients attention to meaningful aspects of the motor task. HAND PLACEMENT Place the hands purposefully and precisely on the clients body to specifically influence the area under the hands to indirectly influence the body parts. FACILITATION Facilitation makes a posture or movement easier or more likely to occur. Facilitation modifies postural control by increasing the degrees of freedom, supporting a body segment during an activity. Activating the postural system to produce a change in the alignment of the body relative to the gravity and BOS. INHIBITION Inhibition refers to restricting the clients atypical postures and movements which interferes with the development of more selective movement patterns. BOBATH APPROACH It referred to reducing tone and reflex activity resulting from CNS dysfunction. Inhibiting excessive co activation-dynamic stability for more effective postural control. Balance antagonistic muscle groups. Reduce spasticity or excessive muscle stiffness that interferes with moving specific segments of the body.(Facilitation and Inhibition techniques are used in combination) Treatment strategies often include preparation and stimulation of critical foundation elements (task components) as well as practice of the whole task. NDT intervention is designed to obtain active responses from the patient on goal activities. Whenever possible during treatment movement is indicated and actively performed by the client. NDT intervention includes planning and solving motor problems. NDT intervention allows the patient to learn from errors that occur during movement. Repetition is an important component during motor learning. Create an environment that is conductive to co operative participation and support of the clients effort. Knowledge of development of posture and movement components are used in designing treatment strategies. NDT therapy sessions provide motivation purpose to engage the client fully in developing and reinforcing movement responses. NDT intervention methods include modifying the task or the environment to take into account the clients current level of performance and capacity for function. As client is able to perform the movement independently, the therapist provides time during the sessions for the client to move freely. Individual treatment sessions are designed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment within the session. Recognize and respect the communicative effects of the clients motor behavior. Families receive information regarding clients problems and management of those problems as they are able to understand and assimilate the information. 4.2 MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUE Muscle Energy Technique is a procedure that involves voluntary contraction of the patients muscle in a precisely controlled manner at varying level of intensity, against a executed counterforce applied by the therapist. Muscle Energy Technique are used to treat somatic dysfunction, especially decreased range of motion, muscular hyper tonicity and pain. MECHANISM OF ACTION FOR MUSCLE ENERGY TECHNIQUES: Muscle Energy Technique is a direct,active technique requiring patients co-operation for maximal effect. The changes occurring when patient performs isometric conttaction are: Direct inhibition of agonist muscles results due to Golgi Tendon Organ activation. At antagonist muscles there occurs reflexive reciprocal inhibition. When Patient is relaxing agonist and antagonist remain inhibited. This allows the joint to be moved into the restricted range of motion. TECHNIQUES: Muscle Energy Techniques could be applied to most areas of the body. Each of the technique requires following 8 steps: Obtaining an accurate structural diagnosis. The restrictive barrier is engaged in many planes. The unyielding counterforce matches patients force with therapists force. The isometric contraction of patient has correct amount of force, direction of effort and duration (3-5 seconds). After muscle effort there is complete relaxation. The patient is repositioned in possible planes into new restrictive barrier. Repeat 3-6 steps approximately 3-5 times. 8. Repeat structural diagnosis to find whether dysfunction has resolved. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Cerebral palsy children were treated with Neuro Developmental Therapy and Muscle Energy Technique. Neuro Developmental Therapy was given for control group (Group A ) which consisted 10 samples and Neuro Developmental Therapy with Muscle Energy Technique (Group B ) which also consisted of 10 samples. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA: GROUP A (CONTROL GROUP) AGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS MALE FEMALE 4-5 years 0 0 5-6 years 0 0 6-7 years 2 0 7-8 years 2 0 8-10 years 1 0 10-12 years 2 1 12-14 years 1 1 GROUP B (EXPERIMENTAL GROUP) AGE NUMBER OF PATIENTS MALE FEMALE 4-5 Years 0 0 5-6 Years 0 0 6-7 Years 1 0 7-8 Years 1 0 8-10 Years 1 1 10-12 Years 1 2 12-14 Years 2 1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS WEEFIM Locomotion (Maximum score: s14) Group A (Control Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 3 6 3 2. 5 10 5 3. 7 10 3 4. 3 7 4 5. 5 9 4 6. 7 10 3 7. 5 8 3 8. 3 6 3 9. 7 9 2 10. 5 7 2 MEAN 5.0 8.2 3.2 WEEFIM Locomotion (Maximum score: 14) Group -B (Experimental Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 3 6 3 2. 7 11 4 3. 3 10 7 4. 5 9 4 5 3 12 8 6. 5 12 7 7. 4 7 3 8. 8 12 4 9. 3 7 4 10. 3 6 3 MEAN 4.4 9.2 4.7 WEEFIM GROUP MEAN VALUE CALCULATED T VALUE TABLE T VALUE PRE TEST PRO TEST SD A 5.0 8.2 0.918 2.25 0.05 B 4.4 9.2 1.888 MAS Group -A NDT (Control Group) S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 4 3 -1 2. 4 3 -1 3 4 1 -3 4. 4 2 -2 5. 4 3 -1 6. 3 1 -2 7 3 2 -1 8. 4 2 -2 9. 4 1 -3 10. 4 3 -1 MEAN 3.8 2.1 -1.7 MAS Group -B NDT + MET S.No Pre Post Difference 1. 4 1 -3 2. 4 1 -3 3. 4 1 -3 4 4 2 -2 5. 4 1 -3 6. 3 1 -2 7. 3 1 -2 8. 4 2 -2 9. 4 2 -2 10. 3 1 -2 MEAN 3.7 1.3 -2.4 MAS GROUP MEAN VALUE CALCULATED T VALUE TABLE T VALUE PRE TEST PRO TEST SD A 3.8 2.1 0.822 2.28 0.05 B 3.7 1.3 0.516 DISCUSSION The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of NDT and MET in reduction of spasticity in children with spastic diplegic type of cerebral palsy.30 children of age group between 4-14 years were selected for the experimental study. The study was carried out for a total duration of six months for a period of 45 minutes of treatment per day. The pre and post test scores of MAS and Wee FIM shows that significant improvements were found in reducing spasticity and ADL activities such as standing, walking, and stair climbing with less caregiver assistance. For MAS score, the average pre test and post test values of Group A and Group B showed significant difference. But the mean of Group A (1.7) shows more marked increase than that of Group B (2.4). On Statistical analysis using Independent t-test, for Group A and Group B, there is a significance of t=2.28 For Wee FIM score, the average pre test and post test valves in Group A and Group B showed significant difference. But the mean of Group A (3.2) shows more marked increase than that of Group B (4.7). On statistical analysis using Independent t-test, for Group A and Group B, there is a significance of t=2.25 From this we infer that NDT along with MET can be used as an efficient treatment protocol to reduce spasticity and to improve ADL activities in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy, thus rejecting the null hypothesis. CONCLUSION With reference to the statistical analysis done from the data collected for MAS and Wee FIM, it is noted that the combination of NDT with MET causes significant reduction in tone which produces improvement in ADL activities. However it is necessary to state that mere NDT also produces improvement in MAS and Wee FIM but the data reveals that mean improvement is greater for the group to which MET is given. These findings suggest that MET attenuates physical symptoms associated with cerebral palsy and enhances development. Hence forth it could be concluded with enough and proven confidence that NDT along with MET forms an integral part in the treatment of children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. LIMITATIONS: The study was a time bound study lacking large sample size. Selection of only one muscle cant fulfill the desire functional goal setup by therapist. Irregularities in attendance. Health problems. No regular follow-up of home advices. Difficulties of the communication. RECOMMENDATIONS: The technique of the study is not strict to one particular muscle or one specific condition, so it is applicable to various muscles in various conditions. Post Isometric Relaxation and Post Facilitation Stretching, which is a safetyorm of stretching is advice to use maximum in place of passive stretching of muscle. It is suggested for further research to conduct a combined therapy of NDT, MET with other Developmental Techniques for various muscle at a same time, so this will enhance to achieve goal which is setting for a particular child. This study may be useful to incorporate into further studies examining various muscles along with any development in multidisciplinary endorsed classification that are developed. BOOKS Leon Chaitow: Positional Release Techniques, 2002. Judith Delancy: Clinical application of Neuro muscular techniques, 2005. Leon chaitow: Muscle energy techniques. Janet.M,Howle: NDT approach theoretical foundations, 2002. Lisa A Kurtz: How to help a clumsy child, 2003. Freeman Miller,Erin Brown: cerebral palsy, 2005 Sophie Levit: Treatment of cerebral palsy and motor delay, 2010. Marcia Stame,MT: Posture and movement of the child with cerebral palsy. Jan Stephan Tecklin: Paediatric physical therapy 3rd edition, 1990. Gilroy J: Basic Neurology 2nd edition, 1992. Susan K Campbell: Physical Therapy for children, 1996. Roberta B Sheperd: Physiotherapy in Paediatrics 3rd edition, 1990. Rebecea Dutton: Clinical Reasoning in physical disabilities, 1995. Gupta SP: Text book of statistical methods 28th edition, 2000. Kothari CR: Text book of research methodology-methods and techniques, 2009. Carolyn M. Hicks: Research for physiotherapist 2nd edition, 1995. Sundar Roa, Richard J: An introduction to bio statistics 3rd edition, 1996. Acchors: Text book of paediatrics. Elizabeth Domholdt: Physical therapy research principles and application, 2000. ABSTRACTS Fryer et al: The effect of muscle energy technique on hamstring extensibility; Journal of osteopathic medicine, 2005. Shadmehr A: Hamstring flexibility in young women following passive stretch and muscle energy technique; J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 2009. Milivoj Velickovic Perat; Basic principles of the Neuro developmental Treatment, 2004. Christina Evaggelina et al: Effect of intensive Neuro Developmental Treatment in gross motor function of children with cerebral palsy, Dev. Med. Child Neurology, 2004. Smith M, Fryer G:

George F. Handel Essay -- essays research papers

The Artistry of G.F.Handel (1685-1759) First Part Halle - Hamburg - Rome 1690-1712 It's hard today to speak about Handel's life and works without mentioning the similarities between him and Bach; first of all they were born in the same year:1685, even if it's not a case than the most geniuses of the late baroque era (Couperin, Telemann Scarlatti ) would have almost been all co-aged.Neverhless unlike Bach, Handel immortalised the name of a family of cheesemakers or of the Prince of Saxony's barber/surgeon -his father. And really it was under the influence and the strong expectations of the latter that like many other aspirants gentlemen, the young Haendel enrolled the university of Halle as a law student. But after his father death he decided not to pursue the legal career and began instead to perfection those skills as a musician which some three years of lessons taken in his hometown from the reknown organ player Wilhelm Zachau had awakened in him When in 1703 Haendel eventually left Halle and went to Hamburg as a violino in ripeno (an ordinary violin player in an orchestra) his bad talent as a lawyer and good skills as an artist, both characterizing every sudden and proverbial decision taken by him in the future were both proved. At those times Hamburg, the mercantile capital city of Northern Germany, was well known also for its Gansenmarkt Thater (literally: 'Theatre at the goose market'), which workers were yet trying to create the millenary dream in advance of Goethe by combining Italian creativity with German methodology. And what better even if "oleographic" example can be brought to this aim if not the librettos of the operas represented at the Gansenmarkt Theater between 1700 and 1720 ehich appear to be written in German with the execption of the Italian "belcanto" arias. A Ture master in this mixed and eclectic genre, neglecting the lutheran poetry (preferred by Bach) in favour of the Italian an Viennese writers (Zeno, Pariati, Pasquini etc.) was Reinhard Keiser who, naturally, claimed to be the master to all the new-comers, including Haendel who far from accepting this rule, successfully sought the friendship and maecenatism by Gian Gastone de Medici (1671- 1737) , son of the Gran d Duke of Tuscany: Cosimo III. And in what it seems it was in this environment that The young Haendel met Johann Mattheson, the most reknow... ...ovanni" (represented only in Prague in 1787) could only be hosted by the Dublin Catholic Theatre and never saw the glories of the Covent Garden where at those times the Neapolitan composer Niccolò Porpora, together with his pupil Roberto Farinelli had come to triumph and to outhshine Haendel himself. If the Same Farinelli is said to have taken the party of Haendel during one of the not infrequent "Querelles" made by the supporters of Theatre of nobility against modern impresarios, Haendel accused to have conspired against the king together with the so called Jacobites didn't take much success anymore and in 1745 the representation of the beautiful opera Hercules had to be cancelled from tghe program of the Kings Theatre. So outshined by history the Master died in 1759 of the same blindness which had affected Bach after having arranged the last representation of the Messiah and having composed other oratorios such as: Judas Maccabeus (1742), Alexander Balus (1748), Susanna (1749), Theodora (1750), Jephta (1752) . It's not a case then if the latter appear to be a quotation of the most famous Italian Oratorio ever Written Jephte (1749) by Giacomo Carissimi

Alter Your Native Land Essay -- American Culture Cultural Essays

Alter Your Native Land. - Stiff Little Fingers, â€Å"Alternative Ulster,† 1979 By definition, a counterculture possesses values and mores that are in opposition to those of an established society. When one hears the word â€Å"counterculture,† it may prompt images of hippies, punks, demonstrators, or underground political movements – in other words, a group of people (usually young) with a purpose, who are trying to make a change or say something meaningful about the larger culture in which they live. In addition to demonstrations, music, or simply lifestyle choices, this kind of action may be taken in writing. Hunter S. Thompson and Kurt Vonnegut prove this point in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and Breakfast of Champions respectively, despite using differing styles, by asking rather contentious questions about American culture. A question raised by Fear and Loathing deals with the typical American ideal: What has become of it? Thompson’s book addresses the question in the very title, â€Å"A Savage Journey to the Heart of the America Dream.† His horrific tale of a gonzo journalist living in a perpetual drug and alcohol-induced haze may at first seem to be only a â€Å"drug book,† but one is able to get much more out of the narrative by taking the time to study it more closely – namely, a statement about the American Dream. After wading through several chapters that describe an assortment of trips brought on by an array of drugs, we find our antagonists getting directions to the American Dream from a taco stand waitress on the outskirts of Vegas. Apparently, the American Dream is now â€Å"a mental joint, where all the dopers hang out.† A dubious, black building has come to represent what formerly stood for opportunity, independence, and free... ...y presenting us with numerous new ways in which to examine American culture, Vonnegut enables us to question everything from common figures of speech to approaches to homosexuality. He may have done this with the hope of preventing the blind acceptance of our society’s norms. Countercultural authors, whether speaking through a haze of narcotics or as if speaking to a child, can play a strong role in establishing new ideologies within a society. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and Breakfast of Champions are compelling examples of this, and Thompson and Vonnegut walk into touchy territory while presenting their themes. If one wishes to find an alternative to prevailing modes of thinking, it is important to look upon work such as theirs and discover the answers to their questions about our culture. As the Stiff Little Fingers say, â€Å"Grab it and change it, it’s yours.†